Electrical and Instrumentation engineering, as the names suggest, are two different branches of engineering which have a lot of common aspects and more importantly, have a lot to gain from and give to each other, through their fusion and also by maintaining distinct characteristics.

As per the definition book, electrical engineering is the branch of engg that is concerned with all practical applications of electricity in all its forms, including those of electronics. Instrumentation engineering can be defined as ,branch of engg that deals with and studies the details, theory and practice of measurement and control.

B.Tech. in electrical as well as instrumentation engineering is basically a 4yr full time graduation course which students may opt for after the completion of their HSC or equivalent. Both the afore-mentioned forms of engineering connection can be well assumed from the look of their definitions.

Instrumentation engineering plays a pivotal role in the development, successful processing and maintenance of machinery in all its forms. This is among the newly developed fields of engg which has been specialized as a course module because of its growing need in the largely growing technology-savvy industry of all forms. Human life, in this age, is full of instruments and machines which in every way, is requiring the backbone called electricity.

Due to the development of this notion or idea around the nation as well as the globe, the necessity and demand for electrical and instrumentation engineers are felt deeply around the world on an equal scale. Due to all these reasons, at the end of the day, the importance and impact of courses such as B.Tech in Electrical and Instrumentation Engg is of such a high level.

A pressure control system for controlling pressure of a fluid in a chamber includes a pressure sensor configured to measure the pressure of the fluid in the chamber, and a valve configured to control the pressure of the fluid in the chamber by regulating flow of the fluid from the chamber. The pressure control system further includes a controller. The controller is configured to estimate the volume of the chamber, and to generate a pump speed curve of the valve. The controller is further configured to monitor and modify the pump speed curve so as to maintain a slope of the pump speed curve to at least a minimum value, and to use the modified pump speed curve to adjust the position of the valve in response to pressure measurements by the pressure sensor, so as to maintain the pressure in the chamber at a desired pressure setpoint.

Temperature, pressure, flow, and level are the four most common process variables. Similar to temperature, pressure is another key process variable because pressure provides a critical condition for boiling, chemical reaction, distillation, extrusion,vacuuming, and air conditioning. Poor pressure control can cause major safety, quality, and productivity problems. Overly high pressure inside a sealed vessel can cause an explosion.

The measurement of temperature is an vital part of instrumentation in petrochemical industries. We use platinum Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD's) mostly as they are more instrictive and give a better response. Thermocouples are used in locations that need a more durable sensor. Thermocouples come in many types.

We use a Pressure to Current converter (P/I converter)in the petrochemical industries to measure and show the amount of pressure developed by the Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG), crude oil, petrol, and various other petroleum byproducts. In the P/I converter, the indicated pressure can be a digital or an analog form. The main advantage is that it can be directly shown in the control panel in the control room. This is also the same for temperature measurement.

The measurement of petrol is conducted in an oil refinery when refined oil is measured before leaving the refinery. Because the refined oil is volatile, it is important to make it clear how much oil is transported at each measurement site along the pipeline. It is also true for natural gas. Therefore, the measurement of crude oil and natural gas plays an important role in oil industry. The competition in flow meter market is extremely intense, and flow meters generally consist of the vortext, Positive Displacement (PD), Differential Pressure (DP), Carioles, and ultrasonic.

The petroleum, natural gas, and petrochemical industries place high requirements on level measurement. Besides instruments of traditional technologies like differential pressure level meters, there are also level meters of radar, magnetostrictive and magnetic float, etc. applied extensively. The petroleum and gas industry is an important segment where level meters witness high growth over recent years. As China improves the industrial technologies of extracting and transporting oil, some new high-end level meters will have a wide application in this segment.

Industrial chromatographs are generally used in the olefin processing in the petrochemical industry. Every year, usually hundreds of sets are needed in China. However, influenced by the project cycle, demand fluctuates greatly. Despite a small number of those being applied, the industrial chromatographs cover a large proportion in the sales volume of analysis instruments because of their high prices. Furthermore, continuous gas analyzers are also widely applied to the petrochemical industry.

The petroleum and gas industry is also an important sector for the growing analysis instruments over the past few years. With the improvement of industrial technologies in oil extraction and transportation in China, some analysis instruments serving to improve the product quality and industrial security are being applied increasingly.

Control and computing are essential features of any modern instrumentation & control systems growing requirement of control and computing has created a large space for research in modern instrumentation.

The competition due to globalization resulted in better process control, optimum utilization of resources and higher level of automation in all industry sectors. The demand for automation is increasing day by day. The use new technical software is also increasing. Hence emphasis on measure meant testing and control using software to improve commercial, industrial, and Service productivity through Automation will be provide in that control areas.

Since industrial automation is such a fragmented business, most new product ideas come from relatively small companies. All the large companies have a conglomeration of products, each with relatively small volume, but lumped together to form sizeable businesses.

Indeed, many industrial mini-conglomerates such as Spectris and Ametek, plan their continued growth through acquisition and combination of lots of small companies. An exception to the small company innovation rule was Distributed Control Systems (DCS), a mix of several important innovations developed in the early 1970s by a team of engineers at Honeywell. This generated a new category, which achieved $ 100 million annual revenue within just a couple of years, and the Segment has since expanded to several billions of dollars worldwide.

The other major automation segment to achieve significance, also in 1970s, was the programmable logic controller (PLC). This breakthrough innovation was the brainchild of prolific inventor Dick Morley, who was with Bedford Associates, a small development company that worked for Modicon (now part of Schneider).

The first PLCs were for specific applications—reprogrammable test installations in the automobile manufacturing business replacing hard-wired relay-logic, which was hard to modify. This innovation resulted in a market segment that has also grown to several billions of dollars worldwide.

Another major industrial automation segment is supervisory control and data acquisition, or SCADA. This loose conglomeration of products have long been the realm of systems integrators, Fragmented among several markets and applications. Networked personal computers (PCs) and Windows-based HMI, or human- machine interface, software arrived in the late 1980s and 1990s.

After that, several innovative start-ups, like Wonderware and Intellution, grew fairly rapidly, offering HMI software with connections to remote PLCs and industrial input/output devices. Sensors and actuators are major segments of industrial automation. Rosemount started with resistance temperature

detectors but grew rapidly with development of innovative capacitive differential pressure sensors, which overtook the traditional instrumentation leaders.

Fisher Controls started in Iowa by Bill Fisher, making innovative valves and actuators. Monsanto then acquired it, and then later Emerson picked it up. Interestingly, both Rosemount and Fisher tried to grow by branching out into DCS, but their offerings were relatively insignificant until Emerson put them together with PCs and software to generate leadership with DeltaV. So, where will the next big surge of growth come from? If you listen to some of the major suppliers, wireless is a definite possibility, provided someone can introduce innovative wireless products rapidly, at a breakthrough price, without getting bogged down in prolonged standards negotiations. This could spark new phase of growth that will reenergize industrial automation.